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.Underline Citation TermsWords used in self-reference are called citation terms and areusually underlined (less commonly, placed in quotes).In thefollowing pair of sentences, the to run is a citationterm in the first, but in the second it has its conventionalsense:To run is an infinitive.He wanted to run.Sometimes citation terms are placed in quotes, but thenshould not also be underlined.is,however, is the better choice.Underline for EmphasisIn manuscripts, underlining stands for italics (as used in theexamples that follow).Underlining (italics) has several pur-poses.When emphatic underlining is well done, it has theeffect not only of drawing attention to key words, but alsoof suggesting an actual voice talking to us:The cause of pornography is not the same as the cause of freespeech.There is a difference.Barbara Tuchman 434 PUNCTUATIONThe church was, in sum, more than the patron of medieval culture;it medieval Culture.Morris BishopCapitalizationWhen to use capital letters is a complicated matter; here wemention only a few common occasions.You will find morethorough discussions in dictionaries and in style books likeThe Chicago Manual of Style, 13th Edition, published by TheUniversity of Chicago Press.Capitalize TitlesThe first and last words of a literary title should be capitalized,as should all words in-between except articles an, the),short prepositions, and coordinating conjunctions:The City of WomenThe Call of the WildHowever, when an article follows a stop in the title (such asa colon or comma), it is usually treated as a second "first"word and capitalized:Charles Dickens, The Last of the Great MenRemember that the titles of works published or presentedseparately (books, magazines, plays, long poems, films) areitalicized (underlined), while those published as part of some-thing larger are set in quotes (articles, short stories, most po-ems, and also television and radio programs).> Capitalize the First Word of a QuotationThe opening word of quoted speech is capitalized, whether itbegins a sentence or not.However, when a quotation is bro- THE OTHER MARKSken, the first word of the continuation is not capitalized un-less it is a proper noun or adjective or begins a new sentence:He said, "We liked the movie very much.""We," he said, "liked the movie very much."With written quotations capitalization of the first word de-pends on whether the quotation is introduced after a stop oris worked into the sentence as a noun clause following that.In the first example which follows, the quotation begins witha capital; in the second, it does not, even though it may havedone so in the original:G.K.Chesterton writes: "This is the vulgar optimism ofDickens."G.K.Chesterton writes that "this is the vulgar optimism ofDickens."Capitalize Proper Names and AdjectivesA proper name is the designation of a particular person, place,structure, and so on.A proper adjective is a modifier derivedfrom such a name.Specific PeopleHarry Jones, Mary Winter, C.S.LewisWhen the name includes a particle, the particle should bespaced and capitalized (or lowercased) according to acceptedusage for that name:Gabriele D'AnnunzioCharles de GaulleNouns, verbs, and modifiers derived from proper namesare not capitalized when used in a sense generalized from theirorigin:Charles Mackintosh BUT a mackintosh coatthe French language BUT french doors PUNCTUATIONBut if a proper adjective is used in a specialized senseclosely related to the name from which it derives, it shouldbe capitalized:He had a de Gaullean sense of country.Personal TitlesCapitalize these when they are part of a name but nototherwise:Judge Harry Jones BUT Harry Jones was made a judge.Professor Mary Winter BUT Mary Winter became a professor.National and Racial Groups and Their LanguagesAmerindian MexicanAustralian PolishGermanPlaces: Continents, Islands, Countries, Regions, and so onChina, Chinese North America, North AmericanEurope, European Manhattan, Manhattanitethe East Coast 42 nd StreetNew Jersey, New Jerseyan the North PoleWhen a regional name is a common term given specificapplication (like the Midwest of the United States), an adjec-tive derived from it may or may not be capitalized.Consulta dictionary or style manual for specific cases:the Far East, Far Eastern historythe Midwest, midwestern citiesStructures: Names of Buildings, Bridges, and so onthe Brooklyn Bridgethe Empire State Building THE OTHER MARKS 437Institutions and BusinessesKearny High School BUT a high school in KearnyColumbia University BUT a university in the citythe Boston Symphony Orchestra BUT a symphony orchestraGeneral Motors BUT the motor industryGovernmental Agencies and Political Partiesthe U.S.Congress BUT a congressional districtthe Supreme Court BUT a municipal courtthe Democratic Party BUT democratic countriesSchool Subjects and CoursesThe subjects you take in college or high school are not capi-talized unless they derive from proper nouns (this means lan-guage courses only):anthropology BUT Englishchemistry BUT Frenchhistory BUT Germanphilosophy BUT LatinNames of particular courses, however, are capitalized sincethey are, in effect, titles:biology BUT Biology 201physics BUT PhysicsWhen personified (that is, endowed metaphorically with hu-man qualities) abstractions such as peace, war, winter are cap-italized.In their conventional uses they are not:We had a late spring last year.Last year Spring arrived reluctantly, hanging her head and draggingher feet. Name IndexA listing of the writers whose work is used as examplesAdams, Henry, 186 Benson, A.C, 127Adams, Samuel Hopkins, 65, 100, Bible, 164234, 395, 401 Bierce, Ambrose, 322Mortimer, 98 Bishop, John 54, 358C.P.V., 313, 373, Bishop, Morris, 71,Alfred, William, 183, 184 379, 416, 425, 434Frederick Lewis, 90 Blanch, Leslie, 236Anderson, Sherwood, Blanshard, Brand,Andler, Kenneth, 53389, 403, 405Andrist, Ralph K [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
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.Underline Citation TermsWords used in self-reference are called citation terms and areusually underlined (less commonly, placed in quotes).In thefollowing pair of sentences, the to run is a citationterm in the first, but in the second it has its conventionalsense:To run is an infinitive.He wanted to run.Sometimes citation terms are placed in quotes, but thenshould not also be underlined.is,however, is the better choice.Underline for EmphasisIn manuscripts, underlining stands for italics (as used in theexamples that follow).Underlining (italics) has several pur-poses.When emphatic underlining is well done, it has theeffect not only of drawing attention to key words, but alsoof suggesting an actual voice talking to us:The cause of pornography is not the same as the cause of freespeech.There is a difference.Barbara Tuchman 434 PUNCTUATIONThe church was, in sum, more than the patron of medieval culture;it medieval Culture.Morris BishopCapitalizationWhen to use capital letters is a complicated matter; here wemention only a few common occasions.You will find morethorough discussions in dictionaries and in style books likeThe Chicago Manual of Style, 13th Edition, published by TheUniversity of Chicago Press.Capitalize TitlesThe first and last words of a literary title should be capitalized,as should all words in-between except articles an, the),short prepositions, and coordinating conjunctions:The City of WomenThe Call of the WildHowever, when an article follows a stop in the title (such asa colon or comma), it is usually treated as a second "first"word and capitalized:Charles Dickens, The Last of the Great MenRemember that the titles of works published or presentedseparately (books, magazines, plays, long poems, films) areitalicized (underlined), while those published as part of some-thing larger are set in quotes (articles, short stories, most po-ems, and also television and radio programs).> Capitalize the First Word of a QuotationThe opening word of quoted speech is capitalized, whether itbegins a sentence or not.However, when a quotation is bro- THE OTHER MARKSken, the first word of the continuation is not capitalized un-less it is a proper noun or adjective or begins a new sentence:He said, "We liked the movie very much.""We," he said, "liked the movie very much."With written quotations capitalization of the first word de-pends on whether the quotation is introduced after a stop oris worked into the sentence as a noun clause following that.In the first example which follows, the quotation begins witha capital; in the second, it does not, even though it may havedone so in the original:G.K.Chesterton writes: "This is the vulgar optimism ofDickens."G.K.Chesterton writes that "this is the vulgar optimism ofDickens."Capitalize Proper Names and AdjectivesA proper name is the designation of a particular person, place,structure, and so on.A proper adjective is a modifier derivedfrom such a name.Specific PeopleHarry Jones, Mary Winter, C.S.LewisWhen the name includes a particle, the particle should bespaced and capitalized (or lowercased) according to acceptedusage for that name:Gabriele D'AnnunzioCharles de GaulleNouns, verbs, and modifiers derived from proper namesare not capitalized when used in a sense generalized from theirorigin:Charles Mackintosh BUT a mackintosh coatthe French language BUT french doors PUNCTUATIONBut if a proper adjective is used in a specialized senseclosely related to the name from which it derives, it shouldbe capitalized:He had a de Gaullean sense of country.Personal TitlesCapitalize these when they are part of a name but nototherwise:Judge Harry Jones BUT Harry Jones was made a judge.Professor Mary Winter BUT Mary Winter became a professor.National and Racial Groups and Their LanguagesAmerindian MexicanAustralian PolishGermanPlaces: Continents, Islands, Countries, Regions, and so onChina, Chinese North America, North AmericanEurope, European Manhattan, Manhattanitethe East Coast 42 nd StreetNew Jersey, New Jerseyan the North PoleWhen a regional name is a common term given specificapplication (like the Midwest of the United States), an adjec-tive derived from it may or may not be capitalized.Consulta dictionary or style manual for specific cases:the Far East, Far Eastern historythe Midwest, midwestern citiesStructures: Names of Buildings, Bridges, and so onthe Brooklyn Bridgethe Empire State Building THE OTHER MARKS 437Institutions and BusinessesKearny High School BUT a high school in KearnyColumbia University BUT a university in the citythe Boston Symphony Orchestra BUT a symphony orchestraGeneral Motors BUT the motor industryGovernmental Agencies and Political Partiesthe U.S.Congress BUT a congressional districtthe Supreme Court BUT a municipal courtthe Democratic Party BUT democratic countriesSchool Subjects and CoursesThe subjects you take in college or high school are not capi-talized unless they derive from proper nouns (this means lan-guage courses only):anthropology BUT Englishchemistry BUT Frenchhistory BUT Germanphilosophy BUT LatinNames of particular courses, however, are capitalized sincethey are, in effect, titles:biology BUT Biology 201physics BUT PhysicsWhen personified (that is, endowed metaphorically with hu-man qualities) abstractions such as peace, war, winter are cap-italized.In their conventional uses they are not:We had a late spring last year.Last year Spring arrived reluctantly, hanging her head and draggingher feet. Name IndexA listing of the writers whose work is used as examplesAdams, Henry, 186 Benson, A.C, 127Adams, Samuel Hopkins, 65, 100, Bible, 164234, 395, 401 Bierce, Ambrose, 322Mortimer, 98 Bishop, John 54, 358C.P.V., 313, 373, Bishop, Morris, 71,Alfred, William, 183, 184 379, 416, 425, 434Frederick Lewis, 90 Blanch, Leslie, 236Anderson, Sherwood, Blanshard, Brand,Andler, Kenneth, 53389, 403, 405Andrist, Ralph K [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]