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.Franco says that we will have finished the work before the salaryarrives.This reference to the past in the futureÐ often called the future perfect in EnglishÐis expressed in Italian by a tense called futuro anteriore.Here are someexamples:Domani l ufficio chiuderà alle 12.A quell ora avremo già finito lanostra relazione.Tomorrow the office will close at 12 o'clock.By then we'll already havefinished our report.È tardi.Quando arriveremo allo stadio, la partita sarà già iniziata.It's late.When we reach the stadium, the match will already have started.Nel 1997 il Consiglio d Europa avrà deciso i modi dell unificazionemonetaria.By 1997 the Council of Europe will have decided the modalities ofmonetary union.Soltanto dopo che avrai migliorato il tuo italiano potrai superarel esame.Only after improving your Italian, will you be able to pass the exam.For other examples of how the past and future are linked, see 30.5.2 and 31.3.1. 214 MODERN ITALIAN GRAMMAR14.7The future seen from the pastWe do not just talk of future events with reference to the actual moment whenwe are speaking or writing (`the present').We may be talking now about a pointin the past, when the particular events referred to were still in the future.How to express this situation in Italian depends on the sequence of events andon the probability of their happening.We can use a variety of verb tenses/moods:14.7.1Simple futureWhen the future moment has not yet come, and it is still possible that Carlo willpass by:Carlo ha detto che passerà più tardi.Carlo said he will pass by later.Carlo ha detto che passa più tardi.Carlo said he will pass by later.14.7.2The condizionale al passato past conditional :The past conditional (see Chapter 2) indicates the future from a past point ofview.(See also 30.5.2.) It is generally used after the moment has passed,regardless of whether Carlo actually came or not:Carlo ha detto che sarebbe passato (ed è venuto).Carlo said he would pass by later (and he did).Carlo ha detto che sarebbe passato (e non è venuto).Carlo said he would pass by later (and he didn't).14.7.3The imperfetto imperfect :More colloquially, it is possible to use the imperfect (see Chapter 2) to replacethe compound conditional:Carlo ha detto che passava più tardi.Carlo said he would pass by later. FUNCTIONS 215For more examples of putting events in a time context, and the sequence oftenses, see 30.4.14.8Some expressions of time in the futureHere are a few words frequently used to indicate future time:Prossimo `next':Domenica prossima andiamo al mare.Next Sunday we'll go to the sea.Dovremo lavorare molto nei prossimi mesi.We'll be very busy in t he next few months.Le telefonerò il mese prossimo.I'll phone you next mont h.Fra (tra) `within a certain time':The prepositions fra/tra are identical in meaning.(For this and other uses, see4.3.8.)Ci vediamo fra una settimana,We'll see ea ch other in a week.Sandro deve partire tra poco.Sandro has to leave in a moment.Mi scusi, sono occupata.La richiamo fra cinque minuti.Excuse me, I'm busy at t he moment.I'll call you back in five minutes.Presto `soon', `early', `quickly':Presto cambieremo casa.We'll soon move house.Le manderò presto una risposta.I'll send an answer to you soon.(Presto can also be used to mean `at an early hour', as in È presto! `It's early', or`at a fast pace', as in Fa presto! `Hurry up!')Poi `then': 216 MODERN ITALIAN GRAMMARPrima parleremo della riunione poi passeremo all argomentoprincipale.First we'll speak about the meeting, then we'll go on to the mainsubject.Dopo `after', `later':Andiamo a fare una passeggiata e dopo andiamo a casa tua.Let's go for a walk and aft er we'll go to your plac e.Domani `tomorrow':Domani porto Filippo dal pediatra.Tomorrow I'm taking Fili ppo to the paediatrician.Dopodomani `the day after tomorrow':Dopodomani l ufficio rimarrà chiuso.The day after tomorrow the office will be closed.Stasera `this evening', `tonight':Stasera alle 19.30 si trasmetterà la prossima puntata di IspettoreDerek.This evening at 7.30 p.m., will be shown the next episode of InspectorDerek.Alla fine `at the end':Il vertice durerà cinque giorni; alla fine verrà offerto un pranzodall ambasciatore britannico.The summit will last five days; at the end there will be a dinner given bythe British ambassador.Prima o poi `sooner or later':Prima o poi riusciranno a risolvere il problema.Sooner or later they'l l manage to solve the problem.Verrò a trovarti, prima o poi!I'll come to see you, sooner or later.D'ora in poi `from now on': FUNCTIONS 217D'ora in poi non mi sentirò più sola.Ci sei tu.From now on I won't feel lonely.You're here.14.9Expressing intention and future plansAs seen above, the English `going to' can be expressed by Italian aver intenzionedi:Ho intenzione di noleggiare una macchina.I'm going to hire a c ar.Other expressions of intention and planning for the future include:decidere di `to decide to'promettere di `to promise to'decidersi a `to make one's mind up t o'fare progetti per `to make plans for'aver in progetto di `to have planned to'desiderare `to wish', `desire'non vedere l ora di `to not be able to wait for'aspettare `to expect'aspettarsi (di/che) `to expect'Mi sono decisa a passare le feste natalizie in famiglia.I've made up my mind to spend the Christmas celebrations with myfamily.Gli studenti stanno facendo progetti per venire a studiare in Inghilterra.The students are planning to come and study in England.Il professore si aspetta di ricevere i nostri compiti domani.The lecturer expects to receive our homework tomorrow.I bambini non vedono l'ora di andare in vacanza.The children can't wait to go on holi day [ Pobierz caÅ‚ość w formacie PDF ]
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.Franco says that we will have finished the work before the salaryarrives.This reference to the past in the futureÐ often called the future perfect in EnglishÐis expressed in Italian by a tense called futuro anteriore.Here are someexamples:Domani l ufficio chiuderà alle 12.A quell ora avremo già finito lanostra relazione.Tomorrow the office will close at 12 o'clock.By then we'll already havefinished our report.È tardi.Quando arriveremo allo stadio, la partita sarà già iniziata.It's late.When we reach the stadium, the match will already have started.Nel 1997 il Consiglio d Europa avrà deciso i modi dell unificazionemonetaria.By 1997 the Council of Europe will have decided the modalities ofmonetary union.Soltanto dopo che avrai migliorato il tuo italiano potrai superarel esame.Only after improving your Italian, will you be able to pass the exam.For other examples of how the past and future are linked, see 30.5.2 and 31.3.1. 214 MODERN ITALIAN GRAMMAR14.7The future seen from the pastWe do not just talk of future events with reference to the actual moment whenwe are speaking or writing (`the present').We may be talking now about a pointin the past, when the particular events referred to were still in the future.How to express this situation in Italian depends on the sequence of events andon the probability of their happening.We can use a variety of verb tenses/moods:14.7.1Simple futureWhen the future moment has not yet come, and it is still possible that Carlo willpass by:Carlo ha detto che passerà più tardi.Carlo said he will pass by later.Carlo ha detto che passa più tardi.Carlo said he will pass by later.14.7.2The condizionale al passato past conditional :The past conditional (see Chapter 2) indicates the future from a past point ofview.(See also 30.5.2.) It is generally used after the moment has passed,regardless of whether Carlo actually came or not:Carlo ha detto che sarebbe passato (ed è venuto).Carlo said he would pass by later (and he did).Carlo ha detto che sarebbe passato (e non è venuto).Carlo said he would pass by later (and he didn't).14.7.3The imperfetto imperfect :More colloquially, it is possible to use the imperfect (see Chapter 2) to replacethe compound conditional:Carlo ha detto che passava più tardi.Carlo said he would pass by later. FUNCTIONS 215For more examples of putting events in a time context, and the sequence oftenses, see 30.4.14.8Some expressions of time in the futureHere are a few words frequently used to indicate future time:Prossimo `next':Domenica prossima andiamo al mare.Next Sunday we'll go to the sea.Dovremo lavorare molto nei prossimi mesi.We'll be very busy in t he next few months.Le telefonerò il mese prossimo.I'll phone you next mont h.Fra (tra) `within a certain time':The prepositions fra/tra are identical in meaning.(For this and other uses, see4.3.8.)Ci vediamo fra una settimana,We'll see ea ch other in a week.Sandro deve partire tra poco.Sandro has to leave in a moment.Mi scusi, sono occupata.La richiamo fra cinque minuti.Excuse me, I'm busy at t he moment.I'll call you back in five minutes.Presto `soon', `early', `quickly':Presto cambieremo casa.We'll soon move house.Le manderò presto una risposta.I'll send an answer to you soon.(Presto can also be used to mean `at an early hour', as in È presto! `It's early', or`at a fast pace', as in Fa presto! `Hurry up!')Poi `then': 216 MODERN ITALIAN GRAMMARPrima parleremo della riunione poi passeremo all argomentoprincipale.First we'll speak about the meeting, then we'll go on to the mainsubject.Dopo `after', `later':Andiamo a fare una passeggiata e dopo andiamo a casa tua.Let's go for a walk and aft er we'll go to your plac e.Domani `tomorrow':Domani porto Filippo dal pediatra.Tomorrow I'm taking Fili ppo to the paediatrician.Dopodomani `the day after tomorrow':Dopodomani l ufficio rimarrà chiuso.The day after tomorrow the office will be closed.Stasera `this evening', `tonight':Stasera alle 19.30 si trasmetterà la prossima puntata di IspettoreDerek.This evening at 7.30 p.m., will be shown the next episode of InspectorDerek.Alla fine `at the end':Il vertice durerà cinque giorni; alla fine verrà offerto un pranzodall ambasciatore britannico.The summit will last five days; at the end there will be a dinner given bythe British ambassador.Prima o poi `sooner or later':Prima o poi riusciranno a risolvere il problema.Sooner or later they'l l manage to solve the problem.Verrò a trovarti, prima o poi!I'll come to see you, sooner or later.D'ora in poi `from now on': FUNCTIONS 217D'ora in poi non mi sentirò più sola.Ci sei tu.From now on I won't feel lonely.You're here.14.9Expressing intention and future plansAs seen above, the English `going to' can be expressed by Italian aver intenzionedi:Ho intenzione di noleggiare una macchina.I'm going to hire a c ar.Other expressions of intention and planning for the future include:decidere di `to decide to'promettere di `to promise to'decidersi a `to make one's mind up t o'fare progetti per `to make plans for'aver in progetto di `to have planned to'desiderare `to wish', `desire'non vedere l ora di `to not be able to wait for'aspettare `to expect'aspettarsi (di/che) `to expect'Mi sono decisa a passare le feste natalizie in famiglia.I've made up my mind to spend the Christmas celebrations with myfamily.Gli studenti stanno facendo progetti per venire a studiare in Inghilterra.The students are planning to come and study in England.Il professore si aspetta di ricevere i nostri compiti domani.The lecturer expects to receive our homework tomorrow.I bambini non vedono l'ora di andare in vacanza.The children can't wait to go on holi day [ Pobierz caÅ‚ość w formacie PDF ]