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.Epidemiological data underline the fact that male preponderance forantisocial behaviour is universal, but on the other hand, while the1Psychiatry Department, Beyoglu Training Hospital and Psychology Department, Istanbul BilgiUniversity, Istanbul, Turkey2Department of Psychiatry, Medical School of Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Izmir, Turkey ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER: COMMENTARIES ________________________ 199prevalence rates of ASPD is stated to increase in the United States, it isunusually low in East Asia [3].The cross-cultural differences in theprevalence of ASPD seem not to be an artifact of methodological differencesin research but a reflection of a real diversity among cultures.Besides thelow prevalence rates, the phenomenology of ASPD seems to differ inEastern or transitional societies.Although criminality is a specific character-istic of ASPD in every culture, the forms, means and the severity of criminalacts may differ.In Turkey, violent, sadistic, or vandalistic crimes seem to berelatively rare among ASPD patients.In a Turkish sample of 140 subjectswith a diagnosis of ASPD, while the lifetime prevalence of involvement instreet fights is nearly 89% and the frequency of using weapons is 74%, theprevalence of direct physical assault to individuals is 56% and sexual insultis 19% [4].In this same sample, the high frequency of imprisonment in thepast (88%) showed that criminality was high [5], but characterized by lowfrequency of pre-planned violent and sadistic antisocial behaviours.Lack ofthe feeling of guilt accompanied by a strong feeling of shame might result indifferent clinical patterns of ASPD in Eastern or transitional societies.The low prevalence rates in Eastern societies as well as the differentphenomenology may be due to a variety of reasons: an important one isthe strong cohesion in families.Traditional Eastern families share somecommon features protecting from ASPD: fathers are strong and author-itative, expectations from children are high, family and subcommunityloyalty is prized [3].On the other hand, as in Turkey, these features maymask the antisocial behaviours.A positive and tolerant attitude towardsthe disobedient behaviours of male adolescents, before their militaryservice at the age of 18 20, especially by their mothers, provide the youngmen with an environment suitable for externalizing antisocial behaviours.As if he has permission for impulsive acts, he is called mad blooded (theTurkish word used to define a male adolescent).The society reinforces thisyoung boy to behave in a so-called masculine manner: impulsive andaggressive behaviours, alcohol over dosage, staying out very late at nights,changing partners frequently, participating in small fights, offensivereactions when even just the words of others are perceived as offensivetowards his and his family s or his subcommunity s identity.The culturallegitimatization of delinquency to some extent, in the name of the youngboy s process of masculine gender identification, mask many antisocialbehaviours of the adolescent.This might have a normalizing effect onaggressive behaviours.A hidden antisocial pattern, a phenomenon sometimescalled latent antisocial structure may be observed in either upper or lowerclasses.Here, if the environment fulfills all the needs of the antisocialindividual, no decompensation will be expected in the mental organization [6].In Western societies, contrary to Eastern culture, severe and overtantisocial behaviours are more easily and individually expressed in a milieu 200 __________________________________________________________________ PERSONALITY DISORDERSof higher psychosocial freedom, and a lesser interdependence in inter-personal relations.As a result of a clear separation and individualizationprocess, typically, children are separated from their families and becomethe captains of their own lives, by the end of adolescence [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
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.Epidemiological data underline the fact that male preponderance forantisocial behaviour is universal, but on the other hand, while the1Psychiatry Department, Beyoglu Training Hospital and Psychology Department, Istanbul BilgiUniversity, Istanbul, Turkey2Department of Psychiatry, Medical School of Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Izmir, Turkey ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER: COMMENTARIES ________________________ 199prevalence rates of ASPD is stated to increase in the United States, it isunusually low in East Asia [3].The cross-cultural differences in theprevalence of ASPD seem not to be an artifact of methodological differencesin research but a reflection of a real diversity among cultures.Besides thelow prevalence rates, the phenomenology of ASPD seems to differ inEastern or transitional societies.Although criminality is a specific character-istic of ASPD in every culture, the forms, means and the severity of criminalacts may differ.In Turkey, violent, sadistic, or vandalistic crimes seem to berelatively rare among ASPD patients.In a Turkish sample of 140 subjectswith a diagnosis of ASPD, while the lifetime prevalence of involvement instreet fights is nearly 89% and the frequency of using weapons is 74%, theprevalence of direct physical assault to individuals is 56% and sexual insultis 19% [4].In this same sample, the high frequency of imprisonment in thepast (88%) showed that criminality was high [5], but characterized by lowfrequency of pre-planned violent and sadistic antisocial behaviours.Lack ofthe feeling of guilt accompanied by a strong feeling of shame might result indifferent clinical patterns of ASPD in Eastern or transitional societies.The low prevalence rates in Eastern societies as well as the differentphenomenology may be due to a variety of reasons: an important one isthe strong cohesion in families.Traditional Eastern families share somecommon features protecting from ASPD: fathers are strong and author-itative, expectations from children are high, family and subcommunityloyalty is prized [3].On the other hand, as in Turkey, these features maymask the antisocial behaviours.A positive and tolerant attitude towardsthe disobedient behaviours of male adolescents, before their militaryservice at the age of 18 20, especially by their mothers, provide the youngmen with an environment suitable for externalizing antisocial behaviours.As if he has permission for impulsive acts, he is called mad blooded (theTurkish word used to define a male adolescent).The society reinforces thisyoung boy to behave in a so-called masculine manner: impulsive andaggressive behaviours, alcohol over dosage, staying out very late at nights,changing partners frequently, participating in small fights, offensivereactions when even just the words of others are perceived as offensivetowards his and his family s or his subcommunity s identity.The culturallegitimatization of delinquency to some extent, in the name of the youngboy s process of masculine gender identification, mask many antisocialbehaviours of the adolescent.This might have a normalizing effect onaggressive behaviours.A hidden antisocial pattern, a phenomenon sometimescalled latent antisocial structure may be observed in either upper or lowerclasses.Here, if the environment fulfills all the needs of the antisocialindividual, no decompensation will be expected in the mental organization [6].In Western societies, contrary to Eastern culture, severe and overtantisocial behaviours are more easily and individually expressed in a milieu 200 __________________________________________________________________ PERSONALITY DISORDERSof higher psychosocial freedom, and a lesser interdependence in inter-personal relations.As a result of a clear separation and individualizationprocess, typically, children are separated from their families and becomethe captains of their own lives, by the end of adolescence [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]