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.There mustbe a likelihood that patients involved in a clinical trial will benefit fromthe drug (Marcelo, 2003).SingaporeAlthough Singapore is not considered a developing country, its devel-opment in the area of biotechnology has features in common with theway it occurred in the technologically advanced developing countries(e.g.China).Singapore began promoting biotechnology in the early1980s, attracting Glaxo in 1982.During the following decade, Singaporepushed research and development, setting up a Bioprocessing Technol-ogy Centre Incubator Unit for start-ups, with fully equipped laboratories,in 1997.Yet Singapore spent and is still spending less as a proportion ofits gross domestic product on R&D than Japan, South Korea or Taiwan.Moreover, investors are shying away from an industry where productstake at least a decade to develop.On the other hand, increased competi-tion is coming from less developed countries such as China, India andMalaysia, which are building a bio-industry of their own.Cheap labourin China is drawing jobs away and the government has warned that theunemployment rate, currently 4.5 per cent, was likely to climb to 5.5 percent in 2003, its highest rate since 1987, with the economy likely to growat no more than 1 per cent (Arnold, 2003).Faced with declining returns in electronics, the industry that helpedmove Singapore into the ranks of the world s wealthiest nations, the gov-ernment is throwing its administrative power and at least US$2.3 billion 112 MEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGYin investments, grants and other incentives behind an endeavour to be-come an integrated biotechnology hub.Singapore needs to find a newniche for its economic and social development (Arnold, 2003).The biotechnology initiative has attracted other big-name manufac-turers and research talent.Singapore has had the most success in attract-ing drug companies with tax holidays and other incentives.Among thosewith factories there are GlaxoSmithKline, Wyeth, Merck & Co., Schering-Plough and Pfizer.On 18 October 2000, Pfizer announced future invest-ment of US$340.6 million in Singapore in order to build its first plant inAsia; this unit has been producing medical ingredients for the manufac-ture of drugs since 2004 with a staff of 250.In fact, the Singapore government has sought to attract global drug-makers with a five-year, US$1.8 billion programme that includes researchfunding, start-up capital, tax breaks and new facilities.That is whyNovartis AG, the world s fifth-biggest drug-maker, has decided to joinseveral other rivals in order to make Singapore the site for what was ex-pected to be its biggest drug-manufacturing plant in Asia.Daniel Vasella,Novartis AG s chairman, stated that the company had selected Singaporebecause of its research facilities and political stability.Novartis AG s newresearch institute, which formally opened on 5 July 2004, will focus ondeveloping drugs against dengue fever and other tropical diseases.Thecompany has agreed that its institute will provide research training to lo-cal scientists.Singaporeans were expected to fill a quarter of staff posts atthe research unit.Eli Lilly and Viacell also opened research institutes,the costs of which were partly supported by government grants.Singa-pore has also opened a biopharmaceutical facility with the goal of devel-oping drugs that could be provided on a contract basis to other compa-nies (Burton, 2004).Pharmaceutical production swelled about 50 per cent in 2002, toUS$5.56 billion, but this industry is less labour intensive than the elec-tronics industry.To encourage companies to do more than make drugs,the Economic Development Board offers to pay up to 30 per cent of thecost of building R&D facilities (Arnold, 2003).In 2000, Singapore declared biotechnology as the fourth pillar ofits economy and spent approximately US$570 million to set up threenew biotechnology research institutes.By the end of August 2003, Singa-pore was putting the finishing touches to a US$286 million Biopolis med-ical R&D complex, built by JTC Corp., the government s industrial parkoperator.Biopolis comprises a huge underground vivarium to house therodents needed for the research and is surrounded by a high-technologycampus of about 200 ha, complete with condominiums, schools and wire-less Internet access (Arnold, 2003).Singapore is close to the Equator and has a lot to offer for the study of BIOTECHNOLOGY IN SOME DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 113tropical diseases endemic to the region, such as malaria, and its ownpopulation is affected by illnesses of affluence such as cancer and heartdisease.Its advanced telecommunications infrastructure and plentifulcomputing resources are another attraction hence the increasing use ofbio-informatics in drug discovery.For stem cell researchers, Singaporeoffers one of the world s most liberal legal environments.It allows stemcells to be taken from aborted fetuses and human embryos to be clonedand kept for up to 14 days to produce stem cells.In 2002, these welcom-ing conditions attracted Alan Colman, the scientist who helped cloneDolly the sheep in 1996 and who later moved to ES Cell International, ajoint venture between Australian investors and Singapore s EconomicDevelopment Board, in order to pursue his medical research (Arnold,2003). 7Social acceptance of medical andpharmaceutical biotechnologySocial acceptanceAll surveys and enquiries about the public perception or social accep-tance of biotechnology (in both developed and developing countries)show undisputed support for medical and pharmaceutical biotechnology,whose benefits are acknowledged by a high majority of respondents andinterviewees.For most people, health care is a top priority and anythingthat may improve it is more than welcome [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
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.There mustbe a likelihood that patients involved in a clinical trial will benefit fromthe drug (Marcelo, 2003).SingaporeAlthough Singapore is not considered a developing country, its devel-opment in the area of biotechnology has features in common with theway it occurred in the technologically advanced developing countries(e.g.China).Singapore began promoting biotechnology in the early1980s, attracting Glaxo in 1982.During the following decade, Singaporepushed research and development, setting up a Bioprocessing Technol-ogy Centre Incubator Unit for start-ups, with fully equipped laboratories,in 1997.Yet Singapore spent and is still spending less as a proportion ofits gross domestic product on R&D than Japan, South Korea or Taiwan.Moreover, investors are shying away from an industry where productstake at least a decade to develop.On the other hand, increased competi-tion is coming from less developed countries such as China, India andMalaysia, which are building a bio-industry of their own.Cheap labourin China is drawing jobs away and the government has warned that theunemployment rate, currently 4.5 per cent, was likely to climb to 5.5 percent in 2003, its highest rate since 1987, with the economy likely to growat no more than 1 per cent (Arnold, 2003).Faced with declining returns in electronics, the industry that helpedmove Singapore into the ranks of the world s wealthiest nations, the gov-ernment is throwing its administrative power and at least US$2.3 billion 112 MEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGYin investments, grants and other incentives behind an endeavour to be-come an integrated biotechnology hub.Singapore needs to find a newniche for its economic and social development (Arnold, 2003).The biotechnology initiative has attracted other big-name manufac-turers and research talent.Singapore has had the most success in attract-ing drug companies with tax holidays and other incentives.Among thosewith factories there are GlaxoSmithKline, Wyeth, Merck & Co., Schering-Plough and Pfizer.On 18 October 2000, Pfizer announced future invest-ment of US$340.6 million in Singapore in order to build its first plant inAsia; this unit has been producing medical ingredients for the manufac-ture of drugs since 2004 with a staff of 250.In fact, the Singapore government has sought to attract global drug-makers with a five-year, US$1.8 billion programme that includes researchfunding, start-up capital, tax breaks and new facilities.That is whyNovartis AG, the world s fifth-biggest drug-maker, has decided to joinseveral other rivals in order to make Singapore the site for what was ex-pected to be its biggest drug-manufacturing plant in Asia.Daniel Vasella,Novartis AG s chairman, stated that the company had selected Singaporebecause of its research facilities and political stability.Novartis AG s newresearch institute, which formally opened on 5 July 2004, will focus ondeveloping drugs against dengue fever and other tropical diseases.Thecompany has agreed that its institute will provide research training to lo-cal scientists.Singaporeans were expected to fill a quarter of staff posts atthe research unit.Eli Lilly and Viacell also opened research institutes,the costs of which were partly supported by government grants.Singa-pore has also opened a biopharmaceutical facility with the goal of devel-oping drugs that could be provided on a contract basis to other compa-nies (Burton, 2004).Pharmaceutical production swelled about 50 per cent in 2002, toUS$5.56 billion, but this industry is less labour intensive than the elec-tronics industry.To encourage companies to do more than make drugs,the Economic Development Board offers to pay up to 30 per cent of thecost of building R&D facilities (Arnold, 2003).In 2000, Singapore declared biotechnology as the fourth pillar ofits economy and spent approximately US$570 million to set up threenew biotechnology research institutes.By the end of August 2003, Singa-pore was putting the finishing touches to a US$286 million Biopolis med-ical R&D complex, built by JTC Corp., the government s industrial parkoperator.Biopolis comprises a huge underground vivarium to house therodents needed for the research and is surrounded by a high-technologycampus of about 200 ha, complete with condominiums, schools and wire-less Internet access (Arnold, 2003).Singapore is close to the Equator and has a lot to offer for the study of BIOTECHNOLOGY IN SOME DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 113tropical diseases endemic to the region, such as malaria, and its ownpopulation is affected by illnesses of affluence such as cancer and heartdisease.Its advanced telecommunications infrastructure and plentifulcomputing resources are another attraction hence the increasing use ofbio-informatics in drug discovery.For stem cell researchers, Singaporeoffers one of the world s most liberal legal environments.It allows stemcells to be taken from aborted fetuses and human embryos to be clonedand kept for up to 14 days to produce stem cells.In 2002, these welcom-ing conditions attracted Alan Colman, the scientist who helped cloneDolly the sheep in 1996 and who later moved to ES Cell International, ajoint venture between Australian investors and Singapore s EconomicDevelopment Board, in order to pursue his medical research (Arnold,2003). 7Social acceptance of medical andpharmaceutical biotechnologySocial acceptanceAll surveys and enquiries about the public perception or social accep-tance of biotechnology (in both developed and developing countries)show undisputed support for medical and pharmaceutical biotechnology,whose benefits are acknowledged by a high majority of respondents andinterviewees.For most people, health care is a top priority and anythingthat may improve it is more than welcome [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]