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."Harold C.Hodge, 1904-1990, Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeu-tics: Oral Biology: San Francisco." In Memoriam.E.Newbrun et al., University ofCalifornia, web posting.7.Biographical details in P.Morrow et al., "Profiles in Toxicology HaroldCarpenter Hodge (1904-1990)," Toxicological Sciences, vol.53 (2000), pp.157-158.8.A once secret document, "Detailed Duties of Dr.Harold C.Hodge," liststhe problems his Pharmacology Section helped to solve.One problem, the "necessity of stated daily maximum intake of fluoride to avoid poisoning,"was solved at the Conference on Fluorine Metabolism at the Hotel Pennsylvania in New York in January 1944.Hodge was one of the experts who setthe maximum allowable concentration of "6 ppm as project allowable exposure per day" (emphasis in original).Folder 2, Box So9FO1B219, ACHRE,RG 220.Hodge was elsewhere also clearly conscious of the health toll the war's hasteimposed upon workers.For example, in April 1945 he explained to Col.HymerFriedell the reasons for increasing the maximum allowable con centration ofuranium tetrafluoride and several other uranium compounds in bomb factoriesfrom 150 to 500 micrograms of uranium per cubic meter of factory air.It was an"emergency war measure to expedite industrial production," he explained, "acompromise between the air concentration which can be maintained duringmaximum production and the chance of injury to plant workers." Carl Voegtlin andHarold Hodge to Hymer Friedell, April 26, 1945.(Voegtlin was the retired head of theNational Cancer Institute at the University of Rochester during the war.) Thismeasure was implemented, directly affecting the work environment of thousands ofManhattan Project industrial workers.Col.Warren explained the new standard morebluntly: "In view of the extreme difficulty in maintaining concentrations of 150micrograms per cubic meter in industry, it is felt that such a change will be of definitebenefit in expediting the war effort." Warren to the Area Engineers, June 1945.Bothdocuments in Mm 3, Md 700, General Essays, Lectures, Box 34, ManhattanEngineer District Accession #41ln 326-85-005, Atlanta FRC, RG 326.9.A key text is Hodge and Voegtlin, eds., Pharmacology and Toxicology ofUranium Compounds.See also, J.H.Simons, Fluorine Chemistry, vol.IV, byHarold C.Hodge and Frank A.Smith (New York: Academic Press, 1965)supported in part by a contract with the U.S.AEC at the University of Rochester Atomic Energy Project.10.Hodge and Voegtlin, eds., Pharmacology and Toxicology of Uranium Compounds,historical foreword, p.1.11.Hein interview with Mark Watts for Channel 4 Television in the United Kingdom.Interview recorded for "Don't Swallow Your Toothpaste," a program that aired inJune 1997.12.Lansing Lamont, Day of Trinity (New York: Atheneum, 1985), p.251: " Thespecter of endless lawsuits haunted the military." See also Groves's memo, 286 NOTES TO CHAPTER 5/ P.67cited in chapter 4, note 2, asking for toxicity data.According to the Harvard professor PhillipDrinker, a member of the AEC Stack Gas Committee and an AEC litigation consultant, "In1947 AEC was apprehensive about dam-age suits from personnel allegedly injured byradiations or by exposure to various chemicals used." Phillip Drinker to Dr.Thomas Shipman,Health Division Leader, Los Alamos, November 14, 1950, Medicine Health and Safety, RG326.For insurance, see article for Aetna's internal magazine The Aetna-izer, submitted byVice President Clifford B.Morcom to Col.K.D.Nichols, August 31, 1945 for review.'Thebillion-dollar atomic bomb plant at Oak Ridge, Term., is probably the most interesting andimportant of the large number of war projects on which the Aetna Casualty and SuretyCompany provided coverage in whole or in part, in the last few years.As a result of thisneed for iron-clad secrecy, the representatives of the Manhattan Project could not even hint tous, or to anyone else, as to what the product of the Clinton Engineer Works was going to be,or what exposures or hazards there would be in its manufacture.It was manifestly impossiblefor us to provide insurance on any regular basis in view of these circumstances; but thegovernment had asked for our help, and we were anxious to comply." The following passageis scratched out: "in essence, the plan placed the facilities of our organization at the disposalof our policyholders; and, in return for this, the Government agreed to reimburse us for anylosses we might sustain." Aetna, Office of Public Information 1944-1957 Box 12, Accession#73Ao898, Atlanta FRC, RG 326.For Travelers, see memo to Col.Warren from Capt.Ferry, March 25, 1944, "Conferencein Wilmington, loth March 1944." Five DuPont officials, two majors from the ManhattanProject, and Mr.Wm.M.Worrell of the Travelers Insurance Co."Item 3.In a number ofinstances, men working on construction have been exposed to fumes from processes whichgive off HF in concentrations sufficient to make them leave their work temporarily.In atleast one case illness followed the exposure." Md 700.2, Univ.of Rochester ( Medical), Box54, Accession #4nn 326-85-005, Atlanta FRC, RG 326.Groves, Now It Can Be Told, p.57: 'To facilitate the handling of claims not resultingfrom a major catastrophe a special fund was established.This fund was placed under thecontrol of du Pont so that it could continue to be available for many years." And on March 28,1944 at a conference on Extra-Hazardous Insurance attended by the military officialsand industrial contractors readying the K-25 plant, Kellex management stated that they were"especially concerned" about the health risk from fluoride exposures.The K-25 employeeswere, accordingly, defined by a simple criterion, their exposure to fluoride, and categorized"into three (3) groups; those having regular, casual or no exposure to C616 and C216 [codesfor uranium hexa-fluoride and fluorine gas]." At the conference Col.Warren was informedthat" the decision was made by Kellex officials that the names of all employees would besubmitted to the [Manhattan Project's] District Insurance Sec- NOTES TO CHAPTER 5/ P.67 287tion, with estimates of the amount of their exposure." Memo to Col.Stafford Warrenfrom Capt Ferry, April 4, 1944."Conference on Extra-Hazardous Insurance 28 March1944." Md 337, New York Meetings and Conferences, Box 30, Accession #4nn326-85-005, Atlanta FRC, RG 326.13 Several of the Manhattan Project's biggestindustrial contractors had been badly exposed to worker lawsuits before the war [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
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."Harold C.Hodge, 1904-1990, Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeu-tics: Oral Biology: San Francisco." In Memoriam.E.Newbrun et al., University ofCalifornia, web posting.7.Biographical details in P.Morrow et al., "Profiles in Toxicology HaroldCarpenter Hodge (1904-1990)," Toxicological Sciences, vol.53 (2000), pp.157-158.8.A once secret document, "Detailed Duties of Dr.Harold C.Hodge," liststhe problems his Pharmacology Section helped to solve.One problem, the "necessity of stated daily maximum intake of fluoride to avoid poisoning,"was solved at the Conference on Fluorine Metabolism at the Hotel Pennsylvania in New York in January 1944.Hodge was one of the experts who setthe maximum allowable concentration of "6 ppm as project allowable exposure per day" (emphasis in original).Folder 2, Box So9FO1B219, ACHRE,RG 220.Hodge was elsewhere also clearly conscious of the health toll the war's hasteimposed upon workers.For example, in April 1945 he explained to Col.HymerFriedell the reasons for increasing the maximum allowable con centration ofuranium tetrafluoride and several other uranium compounds in bomb factoriesfrom 150 to 500 micrograms of uranium per cubic meter of factory air.It was an"emergency war measure to expedite industrial production," he explained, "acompromise between the air concentration which can be maintained duringmaximum production and the chance of injury to plant workers." Carl Voegtlin andHarold Hodge to Hymer Friedell, April 26, 1945.(Voegtlin was the retired head of theNational Cancer Institute at the University of Rochester during the war.) Thismeasure was implemented, directly affecting the work environment of thousands ofManhattan Project industrial workers.Col.Warren explained the new standard morebluntly: "In view of the extreme difficulty in maintaining concentrations of 150micrograms per cubic meter in industry, it is felt that such a change will be of definitebenefit in expediting the war effort." Warren to the Area Engineers, June 1945.Bothdocuments in Mm 3, Md 700, General Essays, Lectures, Box 34, ManhattanEngineer District Accession #41ln 326-85-005, Atlanta FRC, RG 326.9.A key text is Hodge and Voegtlin, eds., Pharmacology and Toxicology ofUranium Compounds.See also, J.H.Simons, Fluorine Chemistry, vol.IV, byHarold C.Hodge and Frank A.Smith (New York: Academic Press, 1965)supported in part by a contract with the U.S.AEC at the University of Rochester Atomic Energy Project.10.Hodge and Voegtlin, eds., Pharmacology and Toxicology of Uranium Compounds,historical foreword, p.1.11.Hein interview with Mark Watts for Channel 4 Television in the United Kingdom.Interview recorded for "Don't Swallow Your Toothpaste," a program that aired inJune 1997.12.Lansing Lamont, Day of Trinity (New York: Atheneum, 1985), p.251: " Thespecter of endless lawsuits haunted the military." See also Groves's memo, 286 NOTES TO CHAPTER 5/ P.67cited in chapter 4, note 2, asking for toxicity data.According to the Harvard professor PhillipDrinker, a member of the AEC Stack Gas Committee and an AEC litigation consultant, "In1947 AEC was apprehensive about dam-age suits from personnel allegedly injured byradiations or by exposure to various chemicals used." Phillip Drinker to Dr.Thomas Shipman,Health Division Leader, Los Alamos, November 14, 1950, Medicine Health and Safety, RG326.For insurance, see article for Aetna's internal magazine The Aetna-izer, submitted byVice President Clifford B.Morcom to Col.K.D.Nichols, August 31, 1945 for review.'Thebillion-dollar atomic bomb plant at Oak Ridge, Term., is probably the most interesting andimportant of the large number of war projects on which the Aetna Casualty and SuretyCompany provided coverage in whole or in part, in the last few years.As a result of thisneed for iron-clad secrecy, the representatives of the Manhattan Project could not even hint tous, or to anyone else, as to what the product of the Clinton Engineer Works was going to be,or what exposures or hazards there would be in its manufacture.It was manifestly impossiblefor us to provide insurance on any regular basis in view of these circumstances; but thegovernment had asked for our help, and we were anxious to comply." The following passageis scratched out: "in essence, the plan placed the facilities of our organization at the disposalof our policyholders; and, in return for this, the Government agreed to reimburse us for anylosses we might sustain." Aetna, Office of Public Information 1944-1957 Box 12, Accession#73Ao898, Atlanta FRC, RG 326.For Travelers, see memo to Col.Warren from Capt.Ferry, March 25, 1944, "Conferencein Wilmington, loth March 1944." Five DuPont officials, two majors from the ManhattanProject, and Mr.Wm.M.Worrell of the Travelers Insurance Co."Item 3.In a number ofinstances, men working on construction have been exposed to fumes from processes whichgive off HF in concentrations sufficient to make them leave their work temporarily.In atleast one case illness followed the exposure." Md 700.2, Univ.of Rochester ( Medical), Box54, Accession #4nn 326-85-005, Atlanta FRC, RG 326.Groves, Now It Can Be Told, p.57: 'To facilitate the handling of claims not resultingfrom a major catastrophe a special fund was established.This fund was placed under thecontrol of du Pont so that it could continue to be available for many years." And on March 28,1944 at a conference on Extra-Hazardous Insurance attended by the military officialsand industrial contractors readying the K-25 plant, Kellex management stated that they were"especially concerned" about the health risk from fluoride exposures.The K-25 employeeswere, accordingly, defined by a simple criterion, their exposure to fluoride, and categorized"into three (3) groups; those having regular, casual or no exposure to C616 and C216 [codesfor uranium hexa-fluoride and fluorine gas]." At the conference Col.Warren was informedthat" the decision was made by Kellex officials that the names of all employees would besubmitted to the [Manhattan Project's] District Insurance Sec- NOTES TO CHAPTER 5/ P.67 287tion, with estimates of the amount of their exposure." Memo to Col.Stafford Warrenfrom Capt Ferry, April 4, 1944."Conference on Extra-Hazardous Insurance 28 March1944." Md 337, New York Meetings and Conferences, Box 30, Accession #4nn326-85-005, Atlanta FRC, RG 326.13 Several of the Manhattan Project's biggestindustrial contractors had been badly exposed to worker lawsuits before the war [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]