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.Excavation-walls are sloped.The setback for overhead is a minimum of 1 foot or 1/4 the depth of cut.Stringers Are firmly on a structural support. Have lateral bracing emplaced along supports.2 x 4 or 2 x 6 stringers are used on the edge; the strength is on thedepth of the lumber.Supports Stringers are firmly on supports,Supports extend past the excavation by 1/2 the depth of cut.Revetments-- Quality of construction is checked. Sheeting is supported by pickets. Pickets are tied back.3-18 FM 90-3" Overhead cover- Quality of structural layer is inspected.- Quality of dust layer plywood or panels-is inspected.- Layer is cushioned at least 18 inches deep.The one-man fighting position is the individual's basic defensive position.Theone-man fighting position with overhead cover (see Figure 3-1) providesprotection from airburst weapon fragments.A good position has overhead coverthat allows the soldier/marine to fire from beneath it.Stringers extend at least 1foot on each side of the position to provide a good load-bearing surface foroverhead cover.Generally, the two-man fighting position is preferred over a one-man positionsince one soldier/marine can provide security while the other is digging orresting.The position can be effectively manned for longer periods of time; if onesoldier/marine becomes a casualty, the position is still occupied.Further, thepsychological effect of two men working together permits occupation of theposition for longer periods.Overhead cover also improves the position seffectiveness; it is made as described for the one-man position (see Figure 3-2).3-19 FM 90-3Fighting positions for machine guns are constructed so the fires are to the frontor oblique; the primary sector of fire is usually oblique so the gun can fire acrossthe unit s front.The position is shaped so the gunner and assistant gunner canget to the gun and fire it to either side of the frontal direction.Overhead cover isbuilt over the middle of the position (see Figure 3-3).It is constructed asdescribed for the one-man position.3-20 FM 90-3Protective shelters and fighting bunkers are usually constructed using acombination of the components of positions mentioned thus far.Protectiveshelters are primarily used as command posts, observation posts, medical aidstations, supply and ammunition shelters, and sleeping or resting shelters.Figure3-4 shows an example of a command bunker.The Dragon position requires some unique considerations.The soldier/marinemust consider the Dragon s extensive backblast and muzzle blast, as well ascleared fields of fire.When a Dragon is fired, the muzzle extends 6 inchesbeyond the front of the position, and the rear of the launcher extends out over therear of the position.As the missile leaves the launcher, stabilizing fins unfold.Therefore, the soldier keeps the weapon at least 6 inches above the ground whenfiring to leave room for the fins.A waist-deep position will allow the gunner tomove while tracking a target.Because of the Dragon s above ground height,soldiers/marines should construct frontal cover high enough to hide thesoldier s/marine s head and, if possible, the Dragon s backblast.Thesoldier/marine must dig a hole in the front of the position for the biped legs.Ifcover is built on the flanks of a Dragon position, it must cover the tracker,missiles, and the gunner.Overhead cover that would allow firing from beneath itis usually built if the backblast area is clear (see Figure 3-5).3-21 FM 90-3A fighting position for the dismounted TOW must not interfere with the launchor tracking operations of the weapon.As with Dragon and LAW positionsallowances for backblast effects are necessary.Backblast and deflectionrequirements restrict the size of overhead cover for the weapon.See Figure 3-6.3-22 FM 90-3Designers of fighting positions and protective positions in desert areas mustconsider the lack of available cover and concealment.Fighting positions shouldhave the lowest profile possible, but mountain and plateau deserts have rockysoil or surface chalk soil which makes digging difficult.In these areas, rocksand boulders are used for cover.Because target acquisition and observation arerelatively easy in desert terrain, camouflage and concealment, as well as light andnoise discipline, are important considerations during position construction.Indigenous materials are usually used in desert position construction.However,prefabricated structures and revetments, if available, are ideal for excavations.Metal culvert revetments can be quickly emplaced in easily excavated sand.Sandbags and sand-filled ammunition boxes are also used to prevent side walkof positions from collapsing.FM 5-103 discusses vehicle fighting positions in detail and should be consultedfor more information.Figure 3-7 provides specifications for vehiclesurvivability defilade positions that can be dug by the D-7 dozer.3-23 FM 90-3Logistics areas (BSA/DSA) require additional survivability support.Desertoperations require that logistics concentrations such as BSAs and DSAs be givenadditional considerations for survivability support.These sites are large,datively static, and difficult to camouflage.As a result, these support areas arevulnerable to enemy interdiction.Military vans or connexes should be coveredwith sandbags to improve protection.Additionally, if they are covered withheavy plastic, with plastic drapes over the entrances, protection against NBCeffects can be improved.Engineer digging assets, such as bulldozers, should be tasked to providesurvivability support to these sites with particular emphasis placed on hardeningammunition and fuel storage locations.Caution should be used when diggingfoxholes and tank hide positions since some areas have a tendency to cave in.Water SupplyWater supply is the most important mission of engineers in the desert.Thesearch for water sources requires continuous, intensive reconnaissance.Watermay be obtained by drilling beds of dry water courses, or by deepening drywells.Once found, water must be made potable and stored or transported [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
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.Excavation-walls are sloped.The setback for overhead is a minimum of 1 foot or 1/4 the depth of cut.Stringers Are firmly on a structural support. Have lateral bracing emplaced along supports.2 x 4 or 2 x 6 stringers are used on the edge; the strength is on thedepth of the lumber.Supports Stringers are firmly on supports,Supports extend past the excavation by 1/2 the depth of cut.Revetments-- Quality of construction is checked. Sheeting is supported by pickets. Pickets are tied back.3-18 FM 90-3" Overhead cover- Quality of structural layer is inspected.- Quality of dust layer plywood or panels-is inspected.- Layer is cushioned at least 18 inches deep.The one-man fighting position is the individual's basic defensive position.Theone-man fighting position with overhead cover (see Figure 3-1) providesprotection from airburst weapon fragments.A good position has overhead coverthat allows the soldier/marine to fire from beneath it.Stringers extend at least 1foot on each side of the position to provide a good load-bearing surface foroverhead cover.Generally, the two-man fighting position is preferred over a one-man positionsince one soldier/marine can provide security while the other is digging orresting.The position can be effectively manned for longer periods of time; if onesoldier/marine becomes a casualty, the position is still occupied.Further, thepsychological effect of two men working together permits occupation of theposition for longer periods.Overhead cover also improves the position seffectiveness; it is made as described for the one-man position (see Figure 3-2).3-19 FM 90-3Fighting positions for machine guns are constructed so the fires are to the frontor oblique; the primary sector of fire is usually oblique so the gun can fire acrossthe unit s front.The position is shaped so the gunner and assistant gunner canget to the gun and fire it to either side of the frontal direction.Overhead cover isbuilt over the middle of the position (see Figure 3-3).It is constructed asdescribed for the one-man position.3-20 FM 90-3Protective shelters and fighting bunkers are usually constructed using acombination of the components of positions mentioned thus far.Protectiveshelters are primarily used as command posts, observation posts, medical aidstations, supply and ammunition shelters, and sleeping or resting shelters.Figure3-4 shows an example of a command bunker.The Dragon position requires some unique considerations.The soldier/marinemust consider the Dragon s extensive backblast and muzzle blast, as well ascleared fields of fire.When a Dragon is fired, the muzzle extends 6 inchesbeyond the front of the position, and the rear of the launcher extends out over therear of the position.As the missile leaves the launcher, stabilizing fins unfold.Therefore, the soldier keeps the weapon at least 6 inches above the ground whenfiring to leave room for the fins.A waist-deep position will allow the gunner tomove while tracking a target.Because of the Dragon s above ground height,soldiers/marines should construct frontal cover high enough to hide thesoldier s/marine s head and, if possible, the Dragon s backblast.Thesoldier/marine must dig a hole in the front of the position for the biped legs.Ifcover is built on the flanks of a Dragon position, it must cover the tracker,missiles, and the gunner.Overhead cover that would allow firing from beneath itis usually built if the backblast area is clear (see Figure 3-5).3-21 FM 90-3A fighting position for the dismounted TOW must not interfere with the launchor tracking operations of the weapon.As with Dragon and LAW positionsallowances for backblast effects are necessary.Backblast and deflectionrequirements restrict the size of overhead cover for the weapon.See Figure 3-6.3-22 FM 90-3Designers of fighting positions and protective positions in desert areas mustconsider the lack of available cover and concealment.Fighting positions shouldhave the lowest profile possible, but mountain and plateau deserts have rockysoil or surface chalk soil which makes digging difficult.In these areas, rocksand boulders are used for cover.Because target acquisition and observation arerelatively easy in desert terrain, camouflage and concealment, as well as light andnoise discipline, are important considerations during position construction.Indigenous materials are usually used in desert position construction.However,prefabricated structures and revetments, if available, are ideal for excavations.Metal culvert revetments can be quickly emplaced in easily excavated sand.Sandbags and sand-filled ammunition boxes are also used to prevent side walkof positions from collapsing.FM 5-103 discusses vehicle fighting positions in detail and should be consultedfor more information.Figure 3-7 provides specifications for vehiclesurvivability defilade positions that can be dug by the D-7 dozer.3-23 FM 90-3Logistics areas (BSA/DSA) require additional survivability support.Desertoperations require that logistics concentrations such as BSAs and DSAs be givenadditional considerations for survivability support.These sites are large,datively static, and difficult to camouflage.As a result, these support areas arevulnerable to enemy interdiction.Military vans or connexes should be coveredwith sandbags to improve protection.Additionally, if they are covered withheavy plastic, with plastic drapes over the entrances, protection against NBCeffects can be improved.Engineer digging assets, such as bulldozers, should be tasked to providesurvivability support to these sites with particular emphasis placed on hardeningammunition and fuel storage locations.Caution should be used when diggingfoxholes and tank hide positions since some areas have a tendency to cave in.Water SupplyWater supply is the most important mission of engineers in the desert.Thesearch for water sources requires continuous, intensive reconnaissance.Watermay be obtained by drilling beds of dry water courses, or by deepening drywells.Once found, water must be made potable and stored or transported [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]