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.[3] Having delivered the Bulgarianletters, the bishops proceeded to Constantinople with a letter to Ignatius, orderinghim, in the same severe language as the Greek bishops in Bulgaria had received, toremove his clergy from Bulgaria within thirty days, under the definite penalty ofexcommunication.[4] A letter to the Emperor Basil required him to aid the Papallegates in their work.[5] But all these letters were written too late.On October 23,877, the aged Patriarch Ignatius had died.No sooner was he dead than Basil madethe whole world gasp by appointing in his stead his rival, the ex-Patriarch Photius.[6]In Rome and in Constantinople the situation was entirely altered.But, in Bulgaria,things went on just the same.Neither the Khan nor his nobles answered the Papalletters; nor did the Greek clergy leave Bulgaria.Yet the Pope could not abandon hishopes.He had to evolve a new policy with regard to Constantinople.To recapture S.Runciman - A history of the First Bulgarian empire - 2.3 Page 17 of 27Bulgaria first would help him so much.Once more in 879 he wrote to Boris and tohis b?yars , to Peter, Zergobul, and Sondok.This time the letters were sent by thehand of John the Presbyter, his legate to Dalmatia1.Johannes VIII Papa, Ep.66, pp.58 ff.In this letter he complained also about the interference ofGeorge, the (Greek) Bishop of Belgrade, in Serbia or Pannonian Croatia.2.Ibid., Ep.67, pp.60 ff.3.Ibid., Ep.70, pp.65-6 ff.For the identity of the recipient, see Zlatarski, Istoriya, i., 2, pp.168-70.4.Ibid., Ep.68, pp.62-3.5.Ibid., Ep.69, pp.63-5.6.Theophanes Continuatus, p.276.119and Croatia.There, even as he wrote, the sky was brightening; Zdeslav, theByzantine-made prince of Croatia, had just been deposed by Branimir, an adherentof the Roman faction.Branimir would see to it that John the Presbyter reachedBulgaria safely.The Pope s tone to Boris was even more pleading and conciliatory;he apologized if the Khan had been displeased by anything in his former embassy.[1]Meanwhile, he was vastly cheered by his dealings with the Patriarch.Photiusbrazenly and illogically, to please the Emperor, had sought Papal approval of hisappointment.John, with that unhappy passion for bargaining, known as realism atRome, offered his consent on one condition, a condition showing the greatestlonging of his heart that Constantinople would give up the Church of Bulgaria.Tohis delighted surprise the Patriarch promptly agreed.Once again Papal legatesjourneyed to Constantinople to take part in a peace-bringing council.The council opened in November 879, and sat without a hitch.The Emperor Basil, inmourning for his eldest son, did not attend; Photius managed it all as he chose.TheRoman legates, ignorant of the Greek language, were unaware that Photius s self-justification, so enthusiastically received by the 383 bishops present, had beenfacilitated by slight mistranslations of the Papal letter; they also failed to realize thatthey subscribed to a resolution refusing the Pope s wish to prohibit the nominationof laymen to the episcopate, and to an anathema against all who added to theNicene creed that is to say against all the Western Church guilty of the S.Runciman - A history of the First Bulgarian empire - 2.3 Page 18 of 27interpolation of Filioque. The question of the Bulgarian Church was referred to theEmperor, who condescended to decide in favour of Rome.Rome in its satisfactionwould not, so1.Johannes VIII Papa, Ep.182, p.146; 183, p.147.He wrote again a month later (June 879) in anequally friendly tone (Ep.10,2, p.153).120Photius calculated, challenge the authority of the decision: whereas, by establishingthe Emperor s right to decide, Constantinople was safeguarded against the future.[1]The legates returned in happy innocence to Rome, and Rome rejoiced at her victory.But the Pope had carelessly forgotten that the persons most concerned in thetransaction were the Bulgarians themselves.Early in 880 an embassy arrived fromBoris to the Papal Court.John was full of hope, but the Bulgarian ambassador, aboyar called Frunticus, merely paid his master s respects and announced thateverything was going very pleasantly in Bulgaria; and that was all.However, Johncould not but regard it as a favourable sign; he sent back a letter teeming with eagerexpectation, [2] and wrote, too, to the Emperor Basil to announce his contentment.[3] But there was no reply from Bulgaria.John was puzzled and distressed.Hewrote again at the close of 880, to ask by what mischance no further embassy hadbeen sent; the Croatian bishop, Theodosius of Nona, had given him to understandthat one was forthcoming.But again there was silence; and silence greeted his nextletter, written in 881.[4] John could not understand what had happened.At last,towards the close of that year, the Bishop Marinus, Boris s former friend, returnedfrom an embassy to Constantinople and opened his eyes to what had reallyhappened at the council of 879.In his fury, John deposed the two legates that hadattended the council, and excommunicated Photius [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
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.[3] Having delivered the Bulgarianletters, the bishops proceeded to Constantinople with a letter to Ignatius, orderinghim, in the same severe language as the Greek bishops in Bulgaria had received, toremove his clergy from Bulgaria within thirty days, under the definite penalty ofexcommunication.[4] A letter to the Emperor Basil required him to aid the Papallegates in their work.[5] But all these letters were written too late.On October 23,877, the aged Patriarch Ignatius had died.No sooner was he dead than Basil madethe whole world gasp by appointing in his stead his rival, the ex-Patriarch Photius.[6]In Rome and in Constantinople the situation was entirely altered.But, in Bulgaria,things went on just the same.Neither the Khan nor his nobles answered the Papalletters; nor did the Greek clergy leave Bulgaria.Yet the Pope could not abandon hishopes.He had to evolve a new policy with regard to Constantinople.To recapture S.Runciman - A history of the First Bulgarian empire - 2.3 Page 17 of 27Bulgaria first would help him so much.Once more in 879 he wrote to Boris and tohis b?yars , to Peter, Zergobul, and Sondok.This time the letters were sent by thehand of John the Presbyter, his legate to Dalmatia1.Johannes VIII Papa, Ep.66, pp.58 ff.In this letter he complained also about the interference ofGeorge, the (Greek) Bishop of Belgrade, in Serbia or Pannonian Croatia.2.Ibid., Ep.67, pp.60 ff.3.Ibid., Ep.70, pp.65-6 ff.For the identity of the recipient, see Zlatarski, Istoriya, i., 2, pp.168-70.4.Ibid., Ep.68, pp.62-3.5.Ibid., Ep.69, pp.63-5.6.Theophanes Continuatus, p.276.119and Croatia.There, even as he wrote, the sky was brightening; Zdeslav, theByzantine-made prince of Croatia, had just been deposed by Branimir, an adherentof the Roman faction.Branimir would see to it that John the Presbyter reachedBulgaria safely.The Pope s tone to Boris was even more pleading and conciliatory;he apologized if the Khan had been displeased by anything in his former embassy.[1]Meanwhile, he was vastly cheered by his dealings with the Patriarch.Photiusbrazenly and illogically, to please the Emperor, had sought Papal approval of hisappointment.John, with that unhappy passion for bargaining, known as realism atRome, offered his consent on one condition, a condition showing the greatestlonging of his heart that Constantinople would give up the Church of Bulgaria.Tohis delighted surprise the Patriarch promptly agreed.Once again Papal legatesjourneyed to Constantinople to take part in a peace-bringing council.The council opened in November 879, and sat without a hitch.The Emperor Basil, inmourning for his eldest son, did not attend; Photius managed it all as he chose.TheRoman legates, ignorant of the Greek language, were unaware that Photius s self-justification, so enthusiastically received by the 383 bishops present, had beenfacilitated by slight mistranslations of the Papal letter; they also failed to realize thatthey subscribed to a resolution refusing the Pope s wish to prohibit the nominationof laymen to the episcopate, and to an anathema against all who added to theNicene creed that is to say against all the Western Church guilty of the S.Runciman - A history of the First Bulgarian empire - 2.3 Page 18 of 27interpolation of Filioque. The question of the Bulgarian Church was referred to theEmperor, who condescended to decide in favour of Rome.Rome in its satisfactionwould not, so1.Johannes VIII Papa, Ep.182, p.146; 183, p.147.He wrote again a month later (June 879) in anequally friendly tone (Ep.10,2, p.153).120Photius calculated, challenge the authority of the decision: whereas, by establishingthe Emperor s right to decide, Constantinople was safeguarded against the future.[1]The legates returned in happy innocence to Rome, and Rome rejoiced at her victory.But the Pope had carelessly forgotten that the persons most concerned in thetransaction were the Bulgarians themselves.Early in 880 an embassy arrived fromBoris to the Papal Court.John was full of hope, but the Bulgarian ambassador, aboyar called Frunticus, merely paid his master s respects and announced thateverything was going very pleasantly in Bulgaria; and that was all.However, Johncould not but regard it as a favourable sign; he sent back a letter teeming with eagerexpectation, [2] and wrote, too, to the Emperor Basil to announce his contentment.[3] But there was no reply from Bulgaria.John was puzzled and distressed.Hewrote again at the close of 880, to ask by what mischance no further embassy hadbeen sent; the Croatian bishop, Theodosius of Nona, had given him to understandthat one was forthcoming.But again there was silence; and silence greeted his nextletter, written in 881.[4] John could not understand what had happened.At last,towards the close of that year, the Bishop Marinus, Boris s former friend, returnedfrom an embassy to Constantinople and opened his eyes to what had reallyhappened at the council of 879.In his fury, John deposed the two legates that hadattended the council, and excommunicated Photius [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]